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Immuno-inflammatory responses involved in the injury and healing processes after myocardial infarction: Time matters
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Alireza Garjani   , Hamid Soraya , Bahador Bagheri , Maryam Rameshrad , Haleh Vaez , Samin Mousavi , Mahdieh Mohammadi , Sina Andalib , Mojtaba Ziaee , Arash Khorrami , Nasrin Maleki Dizaji |
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Abstract: (265 Views) |
Introduction: The matter of time, referring to the temporal dynamics of immuno-inflammatory mechanisms following myocardial infarction, is crucial in understanding the progression and outcomes of post-myocardial infarction (MI) healing as well as in determining an on-time effective treatment. The immuno-inflammatory responses after MI can be broadly divided into two distinct phases, each with unique characteristics and functions. The acute phase, occurring within the first 72 hours, is marked by the infiltration of neutrophils and macrophages, resulting in pro-inflammatory cytokines release and therefore tissue damage. Some examples of pro-inflammatory cytokines are TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-18. In the subacute phase (3 days to 1-2 weeks), the response shifts towards an anti-inflammatory environment, with macrophages transitioning to an anti-inflammatory (M2) phenotype and therefore anti-inflammatory/regulatory cytokines production of IL-10, TGF-β, IL-1ra, IL-4, and IL-13. This phase is characterized by tissue remodeling, angiogenesis, and collagen deposition leading to scar formation tissue repair, and structural support. It is suggested that anti-inflammatory strategies to reduce inflammation in the heart after myocardial infarction should be carefully balanced as they might interfere with tissue repair and healing. Therapeutic interventions aimed at modulating the immune response rather than merely anti-inflammatory interventions can alter the timing and magnitude of the immune-inflammatory processes and potentially facilitate effective tissue repair and enhance cardiac recovery. Further research is needed to unravel the precise mechanisms. In silico studies, refer to experimental techniques performed by computers and are related to the more established terms of in vivo and in vitro, which can also allow the construction of computational models that simulate the complex dynamics of the immune response and inflammation after MI. These models can integrate various factors, such as cytokine networks, immune cell interactions, and signaling pathways, to predict the timing and outcomes of different therapeutic interventions.
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| Keywords: Myocardial Infarction, Immuno-inflammatory, Timing, In silico |
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Full-Text [PDF 327 kb]
(52 Downloads)
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Type of Study: Research |
Subject:
General
Received: 2023/12/19 | Accepted: 2023/08/23 | Published: 2023/08/23
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