1. [1] Naderi A, Alaei H, Sharifi M, Hoseini M. The comparison between effect of short-term and mid-term exercise on the enthusiasm of the male rats to self-administer morphine. Iran J Basic Med Sci 2007. (Persian).

2. [2] Koltyn KF. Analgesia following exercise. Sports Med 2000; 29: 85-98. [DOI:10.2165/00007256-200029020-00002] [PMID]

3. [3] de Oliveira MSR, da Silva Fernandes MJ, Scorza FA, Persike DS, Scorza CA, da Ponte JB, et al. Acute and chronic exercise modulates the expression of MOR opioid receptors in the hippocampal formation of rats. Brain Res Bull 2010; 83: 278-283. [DOI:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2010.07.009] [PMID]

4. [4] Kanarek RB, Gerstein AV, Wildman RP, Mathes WF, D'Anci KE. Chronic running-wheel activity decreases sensitivity to morphine-induced analgesia in male and female rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1998; 61: 19-27. [DOI:10.1016/S0091-3057(98)00059-8]

5. [5] Smith MA, Yancey DL. Sensitivity to the effects of opioids in rats with free access to exercise wheels: µ-opioid tolerance and physical dependence. Psychopharmacology 2003; 168: 426-434. [DOI:10.1007/s00213-003-1471-5] [PMID]

6. [6] Smith MA, Lyle MA. Chronic exercise decreases sensitivity to mu opioids in female rats: correlation with exercise output. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2006; 85: 12-22. [DOI:10.1016/j.pbb.2006.06.020] [PMID]

7. [7] Smith MA, Lynch WJ. Exercise as a potential treatment for drug abuse: evidence from preclinical studies. Front Psychiatry 2011; 2. [DOI:10.3389/fpsyt.2011.00082] [PMID] [PMCID]

8. [8] Mukai H, Takata N, Ishii HT, Tanabe N, Hojo Y, Furukawa A, Kimoto T, Kawato S. Hippocampal synthesis of estrogens and androgens which are paracrine modulators of synaptic plasticity: synaptocrinology. Neuroscience 2006; 138: 757-764. [DOI:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.09.010] [PMID]

9. [9] Harburger LL, Bennett JC, Frick KM. Effects of estrogen and progesterone on spatial memory consolidation in aged females. Neurobiol Aging 2007; 28: 602-610. [DOI:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2006.02.019] [PMID]

10. [10] Rashidy-Pour A, Bavarsad K, Miladi-Gorji H, Seraj Z, Vafaei AA. Voluntary exercise and estradiol reverse ovariectomy-induced spatial learning and memory deficits and reduction in hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2019; 187: 172819. [DOI:10.1016/j.pbb.2019.172819] [PMID]

11. [11] Bohacek J, Daniel JM. Increased daily handling of ovariectomized rats enhances performance on a radial-maze task and obscures effects of estradiol replacement. Horm Behav 2007; 52: 237-243. [DOI:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2007.04.010] [PMID]

12. [12] Jasnow AM, Schulkin J, Pfaff DW. Estrogen facilitates fear conditioning and increases corticotropin-releasing hormone mRNA expression in the central amygdala in female mice. Horm Behav 2006; 49: 197-205. [DOI:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2005.06.005] [PMID]

13. [13] Jin J, Jing H, Choi G, Oh MS, Ryu JH, Jeong JW, Huh Y, Park C. Voluntary exercise increases the new cell formation in the hippocampus of ovariectomized mice. Neurosci Lett 2008; 439: 260-263. [DOI:10.1016/j.neulet.2008.04.103] [PMID]

14. [14] Shangold MM. Exercise in the menopausal woman. Obstet Gynecol 1990; 75: 53S-8S; discussion 81S-3S. [DOI:10.1097/00006250-199004001-00012]

15. [15] van Praag H, Kempermann G, Gage FH. Running increases cell proliferation and neurogenesis in the adult mouse dentate gyrus. Nat Neurosci 1999; 2: 266-270. [DOI:10.1038/6368] [PMID]

16. [16] Thorén P, Floras JS, Hoffmann P, Seals DR. Endorphins and exercise: physiological mechanisms and clinical implications. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1990; 22: 417-428. [DOI:10.1249/00005768-199008000-00001]

17. [17] Ghodrati-Jaldbakhan S, Ahmadalipour A, Rashidy-Pour A, Vafaei AA, Miladi-Gorji H, Alizadeh M. Low-and high-intensity treadmill exercise attenuates chronic morphine-induced anxiogenesis and memory impairment but not reductions in hippocampal BDNF in female rats. Brain Res 2017; 1663: 20-28. [DOI:10.1016/j.brainres.2017.02.024] [PMID]

18. [18] Miladi-Gorji H, Rashidy-Pour A, Fathollahi Y, Akhavan MM, Semnanian S, Safari M. Voluntary exercise ameliorates cognitive deficits in morphine dependent rats: the role of hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2011; 96: 479-491. [DOI:10.1016/j.nlm.2011.08.001] [PMID]

19. [19] Mojtahedi S, Kordi MR, Soleimani M, Hosseini SE. Effect of different intensities of short term aerobic exercise on expression of miR-124 in the hippocampus of adult male rats. Zahedan J Res Med Sci 2012; 14: 16-20. (Persian).

20. [20] Kim YP, Kim HB, Jang MH, Lim BV, Kim YJ, Kim H, et al. Magnitude-and time-dependence of the effect of treadmill exercise on cell proliferation in the dentate gyrus of rats. Int J Sports Med 2003; 24: 114-117. [DOI:10.1055/s-2003-38202] [PMID]

21. [21] Ghodrati-Jaldbakhan S, Khalil-Khalili M, Vafaei AA, Miladi-Gorji H, Bandegi AR, Rashidy-Pour A. Effects of different intensities levels of treadmill exercise on cognitive functions and BDNF levels in prefrontal cortex of morphine dependent rats. Koomesh 2016; 17: 669-676. (Persian).

22. [22] Shahroodi A, Mohammadi F, Vafaei AA, Miladi-Gorji H, Bandegi AR, Rashidy-Pour A. Impact of different intensities of forced exercise on deficits of spatial and aversive memory, anxiety-like behavior, and hippocampal BDNF during morphine abstinence period in male rats. Metab Brain Dis 2020; 35: 135-147. [DOI:10.1007/s11011-019-00518-w] [PMID]

23. [23] Shafiee S, Vafaei A, Rashidy-Pour A. Effects of maternal hypothyroidism during pregnancy on learning, memory and hippocampal BDNF in rat pups: Beneficial effects of exercise. Neuroscience 2016; 329: 151-161. [DOI:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.04.048] [PMID]

24. [24] Ghaffari Z, Vafaei A, Rashidy-Pour A, Hadjzadeh M, Hosseini S. Effects of maternal hypothroidism during preganacy on anxiety-like behaviors in adulthood rats: Impact of moderate treadmill exercise. Koomesh 2016; 17: 707-717. (Persian).

25. [25] Vafaei AA, Rashidy-Pour A, Taherian AA. Peripheral injection of dexamethasone modulates anxiety related behaviors in mice: an interaction with opioidergic neurons. Pak J Pharm Sci 2008; 21: 285-289.

26. [26] Miladi-Gorji H, Rashidy-Pour A, Fathollahi Y. Anxiety profile in morphine-dependent and withdrawn rats: effect of voluntary exercise. Physiol Behav 2012; 105: 195-202. [DOI:10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.08.010] [PMID]

27. [27] Mokhtari-Zaer A, Ghodrati-Jaldbakhan S, Vafaei AA, Miladi-Gorji H, Akhavan MM, Bandegi AR, Rashidy-Pour A. Effects of voluntary and treadmill exercise on spontaneous withdrawal signs, cognitive deficits and alterations in apoptosis-associated proteins in morphine-dependent rats. Behav Brain Res 2014; 271: 160-170. [DOI:10.1016/j.bbr.2014.05.061] [PMID]

28. [28] Gu C, Li P, Hu B, Ouyang X, Fu J, Gao J, et al. Chronic morphine selectively impairs cued fear extinction in rats: implications for anxiety disorders associated with opiate use. Neuropsychopharmacology 2008; 33: 666-673. [DOI:10.1038/sj.npp.1301441] [PMID]

29. [29] Lagunas N, Calmarza-Font I, Diz-Chaves Y, Garcia-Segura LM. Long-term ovariectomy enhances anxiety and depressive-like behaviors in mice submitted to chronic unpredictable stress. Horm Behav 2010; 58: 786-791. [DOI:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2010.07.014] [PMID]

30. [30] Koss WA, Gehlert DR, Shekhar A. Different effects of subchronic doses of 17-β estradiol in two ethologically based models of anxiety utilizing female rats. Horm Behav 2004; 46: 158-164. [DOI:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2004.02.011] [PMID]

31. [31] Walf AA, Frye CA. A review and update of mechanisms of estrogen in the hippocampus and amygdala for anxiety and depression behavior. Neuropsychopharmacology 2006; 31: 1097-1111. [DOI:10.1038/sj.npp.1301067] [PMID] [PMCID]

32. [32] Greenwood BN, Foley TE, Day HE, Campisi J, Hammack SH, Campeau S, Maier SF, Fleshner M. Freewheel running prevents learned helplessness/behavioral depression: role of dorsal raphe serotonergic neurons. J Neurosci 2003; 23: 2889-2898. [DOI:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.23-07-02889.2003] [PMID] [PMCID]

33. [33] Mumby DG, Gaskin S, Glenn MJ, Schramek TE, Lehmann H. Hippocampal damage and exploratory preferences in rats: memory for objects, places, and contexts. Learn Mem 2002; 9: 49-57. [DOI:10.1101/lm.41302] [PMID] [PMCID]

34. [34] Vaynman S, Ying Z, Gomez‐Pinilla F. Hippocampal BDNF mediates the efficacy of exercise on synaptic plasticity and cognition. Eur J Neurosci 2004; 20: 2580-2590. [DOI:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2004.03720.x] [PMID]

35. [35] Han J, Zhu H, Chen G, Chen P, Luo L, Liu X, Wang C. The expression of BDNF and PSD-95 in hippocampal CA1 region of morphine-withdrawn rat with different dependent times. Sichuan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban 2008; 39: 253-255.

36. [1] Naderi A, Alaei H, Sharifi M, Hoseini M. The comparison between effect of short-term and mid-term exercise on the enthusiasm of the male rats to self-administer morphine. Iran J Basic Med Sci 2007. (Persian).

37. [2] Koltyn KF. Analgesia following exercise. Sports Med 2000; 29: 85-98. [DOI:10.2165/00007256-200029020-00002] [PMID]

38. [3] de Oliveira MSR, da Silva Fernandes MJ, Scorza FA, Persike DS, Scorza CA, da Ponte JB, et al. Acute and chronic exercise modulates the expression of MOR opioid receptors in the hippocampal formation of rats. Brain Res Bull 2010; 83: 278-283. [DOI:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2010.07.009] [PMID]

39. [4] Kanarek RB, Gerstein AV, Wildman RP, Mathes WF, D'Anci KE. Chronic running-wheel activity decreases sensitivity to morphine-induced analgesia in male and female rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1998; 61: 19-27. [DOI:10.1016/S0091-3057(98)00059-8]

40. [5] Smith MA, Yancey DL. Sensitivity to the effects of opioids in rats with free access to exercise wheels: µ-opioid tolerance and physical dependence. Psychopharmacology 2003; 168: 426-434. [DOI:10.1007/s00213-003-1471-5] [PMID]

41. [6] Smith MA, Lyle MA. Chronic exercise decreases sensitivity to mu opioids in female rats: correlation with exercise output. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2006; 85: 12-22. [DOI:10.1016/j.pbb.2006.06.020] [PMID]

42. [7] Smith MA, Lynch WJ. Exercise as a potential treatment for drug abuse: evidence from preclinical studies. Front Psychiatry 2011; 2. [DOI:10.3389/fpsyt.2011.00082] [PMID] [PMCID]

43. [8] Mukai H, Takata N, Ishii HT, Tanabe N, Hojo Y, Furukawa A, Kimoto T, Kawato S. Hippocampal synthesis of estrogens and androgens which are paracrine modulators of synaptic plasticity: synaptocrinology. Neuroscience 2006; 138: 757-764. [DOI:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.09.010] [PMID]

44. [9] Harburger LL, Bennett JC, Frick KM. Effects of estrogen and progesterone on spatial memory consolidation in aged females. Neurobiol Aging 2007; 28: 602-610. [DOI:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2006.02.019] [PMID]

45. [10] Rashidy-Pour A, Bavarsad K, Miladi-Gorji H, Seraj Z, Vafaei AA. Voluntary exercise and estradiol reverse ovariectomy-induced spatial learning and memory deficits and reduction in hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2019; 187: 172819. [DOI:10.1016/j.pbb.2019.172819] [PMID]

46. [11] Bohacek J, Daniel JM. Increased daily handling of ovariectomized rats enhances performance on a radial-maze task and obscures effects of estradiol replacement. Horm Behav 2007; 52: 237-243. [DOI:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2007.04.010] [PMID]

47. [12] Jasnow AM, Schulkin J, Pfaff DW. Estrogen facilitates fear conditioning and increases corticotropin-releasing hormone mRNA expression in the central amygdala in female mice. Horm Behav 2006; 49: 197-205. [DOI:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2005.06.005] [PMID]

48. [13] Jin J, Jing H, Choi G, Oh MS, Ryu JH, Jeong JW, Huh Y, Park C. Voluntary exercise increases the new cell formation in the hippocampus of ovariectomized mice. Neurosci Lett 2008; 439: 260-263. [DOI:10.1016/j.neulet.2008.04.103] [PMID]

49. [14] Shangold MM. Exercise in the menopausal woman. Obstet Gynecol 1990; 75: 53S-8S; discussion 81S-3S. [DOI:10.1097/00006250-199004001-00012]

50. [15] van Praag H, Kempermann G, Gage FH. Running increases cell proliferation and neurogenesis in the adult mouse dentate gyrus. Nat Neurosci 1999; 2: 266-270. [DOI:10.1038/6368] [PMID]

51. [16] Thorén P, Floras JS, Hoffmann P, Seals DR. Endorphins and exercise: physiological mechanisms and clinical implications. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1990; 22: 417-428. [DOI:10.1249/00005768-199008000-00001]

52. [17] Ghodrati-Jaldbakhan S, Ahmadalipour A, Rashidy-Pour A, Vafaei AA, Miladi-Gorji H, Alizadeh M. Low-and high-intensity treadmill exercise attenuates chronic morphine-induced anxiogenesis and memory impairment but not reductions in hippocampal BDNF in female rats. Brain Res 2017; 1663: 20-28. [DOI:10.1016/j.brainres.2017.02.024] [PMID]

53. [18] Miladi-Gorji H, Rashidy-Pour A, Fathollahi Y, Akhavan MM, Semnanian S, Safari M. Voluntary exercise ameliorates cognitive deficits in morphine dependent rats: the role of hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2011; 96: 479-491. [DOI:10.1016/j.nlm.2011.08.001] [PMID]

54. [19] Mojtahedi S, Kordi MR, Soleimani M, Hosseini SE. Effect of different intensities of short term aerobic exercise on expression of miR-124 in the hippocampus of adult male rats. Zahedan J Res Med Sci 2012; 14: 16-20. (Persian).

55. [20] Kim YP, Kim HB, Jang MH, Lim BV, Kim YJ, Kim H, et al. Magnitude-and time-dependence of the effect of treadmill exercise on cell proliferation in the dentate gyrus of rats. Int J Sports Med 2003; 24: 114-117. [DOI:10.1055/s-2003-38202] [PMID]

56. [21] Ghodrati-Jaldbakhan S, Khalil-Khalili M, Vafaei AA, Miladi-Gorji H, Bandegi AR, Rashidy-Pour A. Effects of different intensities levels of treadmill exercise on cognitive functions and BDNF levels in prefrontal cortex of morphine dependent rats. Koomesh 2016; 17: 669-676. (Persian).

57. [22] Shahroodi A, Mohammadi F, Vafaei AA, Miladi-Gorji H, Bandegi AR, Rashidy-Pour A. Impact of different intensities of forced exercise on deficits of spatial and aversive memory, anxiety-like behavior, and hippocampal BDNF during morphine abstinence period in male rats. Metab Brain Dis 2020; 35: 135-147. [DOI:10.1007/s11011-019-00518-w] [PMID]

58. [23] Shafiee S, Vafaei A, Rashidy-Pour A. Effects of maternal hypothyroidism during pregnancy on learning, memory and hippocampal BDNF in rat pups: Beneficial effects of exercise. Neuroscience 2016; 329: 151-161. [DOI:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.04.048] [PMID]

59. [24] Ghaffari Z, Vafaei A, Rashidy-Pour A, Hadjzadeh M, Hosseini S. Effects of maternal hypothroidism during preganacy on anxiety-like behaviors in adulthood rats: Impact of moderate treadmill exercise. Koomesh 2016; 17: 707-717. (Persian).

60. [25] Vafaei AA, Rashidy-Pour A, Taherian AA. Peripheral injection of dexamethasone modulates anxiety related behaviors in mice: an interaction with opioidergic neurons. Pak J Pharm Sci 2008; 21: 285-289.

61. [26] Miladi-Gorji H, Rashidy-Pour A, Fathollahi Y. Anxiety profile in morphine-dependent and withdrawn rats: effect of voluntary exercise. Physiol Behav 2012; 105: 195-202. [DOI:10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.08.010] [PMID]

62. [27] Mokhtari-Zaer A, Ghodrati-Jaldbakhan S, Vafaei AA, Miladi-Gorji H, Akhavan MM, Bandegi AR, Rashidy-Pour A. Effects of voluntary and treadmill exercise on spontaneous withdrawal signs, cognitive deficits and alterations in apoptosis-associated proteins in morphine-dependent rats. Behav Brain Res 2014; 271: 160-170. [DOI:10.1016/j.bbr.2014.05.061] [PMID]

63. [28] Gu C, Li P, Hu B, Ouyang X, Fu J, Gao J, et al. Chronic morphine selectively impairs cued fear extinction in rats: implications for anxiety disorders associated with opiate use. Neuropsychopharmacology 2008; 33: 666-673. [DOI:10.1038/sj.npp.1301441] [PMID]

64. [29] Lagunas N, Calmarza-Font I, Diz-Chaves Y, Garcia-Segura LM. Long-term ovariectomy enhances anxiety and depressive-like behaviors in mice submitted to chronic unpredictable stress. Horm Behav 2010; 58: 786-791. [DOI:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2010.07.014] [PMID]

65. [30] Koss WA, Gehlert DR, Shekhar A. Different effects of subchronic doses of 17-β estradiol in two ethologically based models of anxiety utilizing female rats. Horm Behav 2004; 46: 158-164. [DOI:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2004.02.011] [PMID]

66. [31] Walf AA, Frye CA. A review and update of mechanisms of estrogen in the hippocampus and amygdala for anxiety and depression behavior. Neuropsychopharmacology 2006; 31: 1097-1111. [DOI:10.1038/sj.npp.1301067] [PMID] [PMCID]

67. [32] Greenwood BN, Foley TE, Day HE, Campisi J, Hammack SH, Campeau S, Maier SF, Fleshner M. Freewheel running prevents learned helplessness/behavioral depression: role of dorsal raphe serotonergic neurons. J Neurosci 2003; 23: 2889-2898. [DOI:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.23-07-02889.2003] [PMID] [PMCID]

68. [33] Mumby DG, Gaskin S, Glenn MJ, Schramek TE, Lehmann H. Hippocampal damage and exploratory preferences in rats: memory for objects, places, and contexts. Learn Mem 2002; 9: 49-57. [DOI:10.1101/lm.41302] [PMID] [PMCID]

69. [34] Vaynman S, Ying Z, Gomez‐Pinilla F. Hippocampal BDNF mediates the efficacy of exercise on synaptic plasticity and cognition. Eur J Neurosci 2004; 20: 2580-2590. [DOI:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2004.03720.x] [PMID]

70. [35] Han J, Zhu H, Chen G, Chen P, Luo L, Liu X, Wang C. The expression of BDNF and PSD-95 in hippocampal CA1 region of morphine-withdrawn rat with different dependent times. Sichuan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban 2008; 39: 253-255.