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J Res Med Sci 2012; 17: 918-922. 6. [6] Shah A, Patel I, Gandhi R. Hemodynamic effects of intrathecal dexmedetomidine added to ropivacaine intraoperatively and for postoperative analgesia. Int J Basic Clin Pharmacol 2013; 2: 26-29. [ DOI:10.5455/2319-2003.ijbcp20130105] 7. [7] Marhofer P, Brummett CM. Safety and efficiency of dexmedetomidine as adjuvant to local anesthetics. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 2016; 29: 632-637. [ DOI:10.1097/ACO.0000000000000364] [ PMID] 8. [8] Farag E, Argalious M, Abd-Elsayed A, Ebrahim Z, Doyle DJ. The use of dexmedetomidine in anesthesia and intensive care: a review. Curr Pharm Des 2012; 18: 6257-6265. [ DOI:10.2174/138161212803832272] [ PMID] 9. [9] Kemp KM, Henderlight L, Neville M. Precedex: Is it the future of cooperative sedation? Nursing 2008; 38: 7-8. [ DOI:10.1097/01.NURSE.0000314838.93173.f2] [ PMID] 10. [10] Okawa H, Ono T, Hashiba E, Tsuto T, Ishara H, Hirota K. Decreased postoperative nausea and vomiting with dexmedetomidine after off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting. Crit Care 2011; 15: 351. [ DOI:10.1186/cc9771] [ PMCID] 11. [11] Bhattacharjee DP, Nayek SK, Dawn S, Bandopadhyay G, Gupta K. Effects of dexmedetomidine on hemodynamics in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy- A comparative study. J Anesthesia Clin Pharmacol 2010; 26: 45-48. 12. [12] Gupta M, Gupta P, Singh DK. Effect of 3 different doses of intrathecal dexmedetomidine (2.5µg, 5µg, and 10 µg) on subarachnoid block characteristics: a prospective randomized double blind dose-response trial. Pain Physician 2016; 19: 411-420. 13. [13] Qi X, Chen D, Li G, Huang X, Li Y, Wang X, Li Y. Comparison of intrathecal dexmedetomidine with morphine as adjuvants in Cesarean sections. Biol Pharm Bull 2016; 39: 1455-1460. [ DOI:10.1248/bpb.b16-00145] [ PMID] 14. [14] Chen BS, Peng H, Wu SN. Dexmedetomidine, an alpha2-adrenergic agonist, inhibits neuronal delayed rectifier potassium current and sodium current. Br J Anaesth 2009; 103: 244-254. [ DOI:10.1093/bja/aep107] [ PMID] 15. [15] Shin HJ, Do SH, Lee JS, Kim TK, Na HS .Comparison of intraoperative sedation with dexmedetomidine versus propofol on acute postoperative pain in total knee arthroplasty under spinal anesthesia: a randomized trial. Anesth Analg 2019; 129: 1512-1518. [ DOI:10.1213/ANE.0000000000003315] [ PMID] 16. [16] Philipp M, Brede M, Hein L. Physiological significance of alpha (2)-adrenergic receptor subtype diversity: one receptor is not enough. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2002; 283: 287-295. [ DOI:10.1152/ajpregu.00123.2002] [ PMID] 17. [17] Jie K, Van Brummelen P, Vermey P, Timmermans PB, Van Zwieten PA. Identification of vascular postsynaptic alpha and alpha 2-adrenoceptors in man. Circ Res 1984; 54: 447-452. [ DOI:10.1161/01.RES.54.4.447] [ PMID] 18. [18] Rahimzadeh P, Faiz SH, Imani F, Derakhshan P. Amniati S. Comparative addition of dexmedetomidine and fentanyl to intrathecal bupivacaine in orthopedic procedure in lower limbs. BMC Anesthesiol 2018; 18: 62. [ DOI:10.1186/s12871-018-0531-7] [ PMID] [ PMCID] 19. [19] Bindra TK, Sarin SS, Gupta R, Shubhdeep. Sinus arrest with intrathecal dexmedetomidine. Indian J Anaesth 2014; 58: 227-228. [ DOI:10.4103/0019-5049.130851] [ PMID] [ PMCID] 20. [20] Halder S, Das A, Mandal D, Chandra M, Ray S, Biswas MR, et al. Effect of different doses of dexmedetomidine as adjuvant in bupivacaine -induced subarachnoid block for traumatized lower limb orthopedic surgery: a prospective, double-blinded and randomized controlled study. J Clin Diagn Res 2014; 8: 1-6. [ DOI:10.7860/JCDR/2014/9670.5118] [ PMID] [ PMCID] 21. [21] Khan AL, Singh RB, Tripathi RK, Choubey S. A comparative study between intrathecal dexmedetomidine and fentanyl as adjuvant to intrathecal bupivacaine in lower abdominal surgeries: A randomized trial. Anesth Essays Res 2015; 9: 139-148. [ DOI:10.4103/0259-1162.156284] [ PMID] [ PMCID] 22. [22] Sun Y, Xu Y, Wang GN. Comparative evaluation of intrathecal bupivacaine alone, bupivacaine-fentanyl, and bupivacaine-dexmedetomidine in caesarean section. Drug Res (Stuttg) 2015; 65: 468-472. [ DOI:10.1055/s-0034-1387740] [ PMID] 23. [23] Wu H, Wang H, Jin JJ, Cui GB, Zhou KC, Chen GZ, et al. Does dexmedetomidineas a neuraxial adjuvant facilitate better anesthesia and analgesia? A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2014; 9: 93114. [ DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0093114] [ PMID] [ PMCID] 24. [24] Nazemroaya B, Honarmand A, Bab Hadi Ashar M. Effects of adding dexmedetomidine to ketamine on heart rate and blood pressure changs in psychiatric patients undergoing electroconvulsive therapy. Koomesh 2020; 22: 311-316. (Persian). [ DOI:10.29252/koomesh.22.2.311] 25. [25] Soltany S, Foroozeshfard M, Alavy Toussy J, Ghaumi A. Comparison of the influence of oral and rectal acetaminophen on level of pain relief after circumcision. Koomesh 2008; 9: 301-308. (Persian). 26. [1] Rawal N. Current issues in postoperative pain management. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2016; 33: 160-171. [ DOI:10.1097/EJA.0000000000000366] [ PMID] 27. [2] Peters JW, Schouw R, Anand KJ, van Dijk M, Duivenvoorden HJ, Tibboel D. Does neonatal surgery lead to increased pain sensitivity in later childhood? Pain 2005; 114: 444-454. [ DOI:10.1016/j.pain.2005.01.014] [ PMID] 28. [3] Gurbet A, Bekar A, Bilgin H, Korfali G, Yilmazlar S, Tercan M. Pre-emptive infiltration of levobupivacaine is superior to at-closure administration in lumbar laminectomy patients. Eur Spine J 2008; 17: 1237-1241. [ DOI:10.1007/s00586-008-0676-z] [ PMID] [ PMCID] 29. [4] Mitchell RW, Smith G. The control of acute postoperative pain. Br J Anaesth 1989; 63: 147-158. [ DOI:10.1093/bja/63.2.147] [ PMID] 30. [5] Faiz SH, Rahimzadeh P, Sakhaei M, Imani F, Derakhshan P. Anesthetic effects of adding intrathecal neostigmine or magnesium sulphate to bupivacaine in patients under lower extremities surgeries. J Res Med Sci 2012; 17: 918-922. 31. [6] Shah A, Patel I, Gandhi R. Hemodynamic effects of intrathecal dexmedetomidine added to ropivacaine intraoperatively and for postoperative analgesia. Int J Basic Clin Pharmacol 2013; 2: 26-29. [ DOI:10.5455/2319-2003.ijbcp20130105] 32. [7] Marhofer P, Brummett CM. Safety and efficiency of dexmedetomidine as adjuvant to local anesthetics. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 2016; 29: 632-637. [ DOI:10.1097/ACO.0000000000000364] [ PMID] 33. [8] Farag E, Argalious M, Abd-Elsayed A, Ebrahim Z, Doyle DJ. The use of dexmedetomidine in anesthesia and intensive care: a review. Curr Pharm Des 2012; 18: 6257-6265. [ DOI:10.2174/138161212803832272] [ PMID] 34. [9] Kemp KM, Henderlight L, Neville M. Precedex: Is it the future of cooperative sedation? Nursing 2008; 38: 7-8. [ DOI:10.1097/01.NURSE.0000314838.93173.f2] [ PMID] 35. [10] Okawa H, Ono T, Hashiba E, Tsuto T, Ishara H, Hirota K. Decreased postoperative nausea and vomiting with dexmedetomidine after off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting. Crit Care 2011; 15: 351. [ DOI:10.1186/cc9771] [ PMCID] 36. [11] Bhattacharjee DP, Nayek SK, Dawn S, Bandopadhyay G, Gupta K. Effects of dexmedetomidine on hemodynamics in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy- A comparative study. J Anesthesia Clin Pharmacol 2010; 26: 45-48. 37. [12] Gupta M, Gupta P, Singh DK. Effect of 3 different doses of intrathecal dexmedetomidine (2.5µg, 5µg, and 10 µg) on subarachnoid block characteristics: a prospective randomized double blind dose-response trial. Pain Physician 2016; 19: 411-420. 38. [13] Qi X, Chen D, Li G, Huang X, Li Y, Wang X, Li Y. Comparison of intrathecal dexmedetomidine with morphine as adjuvants in Cesarean sections. Biol Pharm Bull 2016; 39: 1455-1460. [ DOI:10.1248/bpb.b16-00145] [ PMID] 39. [14] Chen BS, Peng H, Wu SN. Dexmedetomidine, an alpha2-adrenergic agonist, inhibits neuronal delayed rectifier potassium current and sodium current. Br J Anaesth 2009; 103: 244-254. [ DOI:10.1093/bja/aep107] [ PMID] 40. [15] Shin HJ, Do SH, Lee JS, Kim TK, Na HS .Comparison of intraoperative sedation with dexmedetomidine versus propofol on acute postoperative pain in total knee arthroplasty under spinal anesthesia: a randomized trial. Anesth Analg 2019; 129: 1512-1518. [ DOI:10.1213/ANE.0000000000003315] [ PMID] 41. [16] Philipp M, Brede M, Hein L. Physiological significance of alpha (2)-adrenergic receptor subtype diversity: one receptor is not enough. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2002; 283: 287-295. [ DOI:10.1152/ajpregu.00123.2002] [ PMID] 42. [17] Jie K, Van Brummelen P, Vermey P, Timmermans PB, Van Zwieten PA. Identification of vascular postsynaptic alpha and alpha 2-adrenoceptors in man. Circ Res 1984; 54: 447-452. [ DOI:10.1161/01.RES.54.4.447] [ PMID] 43. [18] Rahimzadeh P, Faiz SH, Imani F, Derakhshan P. Amniati S. Comparative addition of dexmedetomidine and fentanyl to intrathecal bupivacaine in orthopedic procedure in lower limbs. BMC Anesthesiol 2018; 18: 62. [ DOI:10.1186/s12871-018-0531-7] [ PMID] [ PMCID] 44. [19] Bindra TK, Sarin SS, Gupta R, Shubhdeep. Sinus arrest with intrathecal dexmedetomidine. Indian J Anaesth 2014; 58: 227-228. [ DOI:10.4103/0019-5049.130851] [ PMID] [ PMCID] 45. [20] Halder S, Das A, Mandal D, Chandra M, Ray S, Biswas MR, et al. Effect of different doses of dexmedetomidine as adjuvant in bupivacaine -induced subarachnoid block for traumatized lower limb orthopedic surgery: a prospective, double-blinded and randomized controlled study. J Clin Diagn Res 2014; 8: 1-6. [ DOI:10.7860/JCDR/2014/9670.5118] [ PMID] [ PMCID] 46. [21] Khan AL, Singh RB, Tripathi RK, Choubey S. A comparative study between intrathecal dexmedetomidine and fentanyl as adjuvant to intrathecal bupivacaine in lower abdominal surgeries: A randomized trial. Anesth Essays Res 2015; 9: 139-148. [ DOI:10.4103/0259-1162.156284] [ PMID] [ PMCID] 47. [22] Sun Y, Xu Y, Wang GN. Comparative evaluation of intrathecal bupivacaine alone, bupivacaine-fentanyl, and bupivacaine-dexmedetomidine in caesarean section. Drug Res (Stuttg) 2015; 65: 468-472. [ DOI:10.1055/s-0034-1387740] [ PMID] 48. [23] Wu H, Wang H, Jin JJ, Cui GB, Zhou KC, Chen GZ, et al. Does dexmedetomidineas a neuraxial adjuvant facilitate better anesthesia and analgesia? A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2014; 9: 93114. [ DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0093114] [ PMID] [ PMCID] 49. [24] Nazemroaya B, Honarmand A, Bab Hadi Ashar M. Effects of adding dexmedetomidine to ketamine on heart rate and blood pressure changs in psychiatric patients undergoing electroconvulsive therapy. Koomesh 2020; 22: 311-316. (Persian). [ DOI:10.29252/koomesh.22.2.311] 50. [25] Soltany S, Foroozeshfard M, Alavy Toussy J, Ghaumi A. Comparison of the influence of oral and rectal acetaminophen on level of pain relief after circumcision. Koomesh 2008; 9: 301-308. (Persian).
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