1. [1] Sheikh V, Zamani A, Mahabadi-Ashtiyani E, Tarokhian H, Borzouei S, Alahgholi-Hajibehzad M. Decreased regulatory function of CD4(+)CD25(+)CD45RA(+) T cells and impaired IL-2 signalling pathway in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Scand J Immunol 2018; 88: e12711. [DOI:10.1111/sji.12711] [PMID]

2. [2] Borzouei S, Sheikh V, Ghasemi M, Zamani A, Telikani Z, Zareighane Z, et al. Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Combined Sitagliptin and Vitamin D3 on Cytokines Profile in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2019; 39: 293-301. [DOI:10.1089/jir.2018.0144] [PMID]

3. [3] Donath MY, Shoelson SE. Type 2 diabetes as an inflammatory disease. Nat Rev Immunol 2011; 11: 98-107. [DOI:10.1038/nri2925] [PMID]

4. [4] Wang C, Guan Y, Yang J. Cytokines in the Progression of Pancreatic beta-Cell Dysfunction. Int J Endocrinol 2010; 2010: 515136. [DOI:10.1155/2010/515136] [PMID] [PMCID]

5. [5] Gregor MF, Hotamisligil GS. Inflammatory mechanisms in obesity. Ann Rev Immunol 2011; 29: 415-445. [DOI:10.1146/annurev-immunol-031210-101322] [PMID]

6. [6] Pickup JC. Inflammation and activated innate immunity in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2004; 27: 813-823. [DOI:10.2337/diacare.27.3.813] [PMID]

7. [7] Navarro-Gonzalez JF, Mora-Fernandez C. The role of inflammatory cytokines in diabetic nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 2008; 19: 433-442. [DOI:10.1681/ASN.2007091048] [PMID]

8. [8] Dinarello CA, Donath MY, Mandrup-Poulsen T. Role of IL-1beta in type 2 diabetes. Curr Opin Endoc Diabetes Obes 2010; 17: 314-321. [DOI:10.1097/MED.0b013e32833bf6dc] [PMID]

9. [9] Alahgholi-Hajibehzad M, Oflazer P, Aysal F, Durmus H, Gulsen-Parman Y, Marx A, et al. Regulatory function of CD4+CD25++ T cells in patients with myasthenia gravis is associated with phenotypic changes and STAT5 signaling: 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 modulates the suppressor activity. J Neuroimmunol 2015; 281: 51-60. [DOI:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2015.03.008] [PMID]

10. [10] Alahgholi-Hajibehzad M, Kasapoglu P, Jafari R, Rezaei N. The role of T regulatory cells in immunopathogenesis of myasthenia gravis: implications for therapeutics. Exp Rev Clin Immunol 2015; 11: 859-870. [DOI:10.1586/1744666X.2015.1047345] [PMID]

11. [11] Alahgholi-Hajibehzad M, Durmus H, Aysal F, Gulsen-Parman Y, Oflazer P, Deymeer F, et al. The effect of interleukin (IL)-21 and CD4(+) CD25(++) T cells on cytokine production of CD4(+) responder T cells in patients with myasthenia gravis. Clin Exp Immunol 2017; 190: 201-207. [DOI:10.1111/cei.13006] [PMID] [PMCID]

12. [12] Sheikh V, Kasapoglu P, Zamani A, Basiri Z, Tahamoli-Roudsari A, Alahgholi-Hajibehzad M. Vitamin D3 inhibits the proliferation of T helper cells, downregulate CD4(+) T cell cytokines and upregulate inhibitory markers. Human Immunol 2018; 79: 439-445. [DOI:10.1016/j.humimm.2018.03.001] [PMID]

13. [13] Gao M, Zhang C, Ma Y, Bu L, Yan L, Liu D. Hydrodynamic delivery of mIL10 gene protects mice from high-fat diet-induced obesity and glucose intolerance. Mol Ther 2013; 21: 1852-1861. [DOI:10.1038/mt.2013.125] [PMID] [PMCID]

14. [14] Hong EG, Ko HJ, Cho YR, Kim HJ, Ma Z, Yu TY, et al. Interleukin-10 prevents diet-induced insulin resistance by attenuating macrophage and cytokine response in skeletal muscle. Diabetes 2009; 58: 2525-2535. [DOI:10.2337/db08-1261] [PMID] [PMCID]

15. [15] Francisco CO, Catai AM, Moura-Tonello SC, Arruda LC, Lopes SL, Benze BG, et al. Cytokine profile and lymphocyte subsets in type 2 diabetes. Braz J Med Biol Res 2016; 49: e5062. [DOI:10.1590/1414-431X20155062] [PMID] [PMCID]

16. [16] Jagannathan-Bogdan M, McDonnell ME, Shin H, Rehman Q, Hasturk H, Apovian CM, et al. Elevated proinflammatory cytokine production by a skewed T cell compartment requires monocytes and promotes inflammation in type 2 diabetes. J Immunol 2011; 186: 1162-1172. [DOI:10.4049/jimmunol.1002615] [PMID] [PMCID]

17. [17] Zeng C, Shi X, Zhang B, Liu H, Zhang L, Ding W, et al. The imbalance of Th17/Th1/Tregs in patients with type 2 diabetes: relationship with metabolic factors and complications. J Mol Med (Berlin, Germany) 2012; 90: 175-186. [DOI:10.1007/s00109-011-0816-5] [PMID]

18. [18] Correia S, Carvalho C, Santos MS, Seica R, Oliveira CR, Moreira PI. Mechanisms of action of metformin in type 2 diabetes and associated complications: an overview. Mini Rev Med Chem 2008; 8: 1343-1354. [DOI:10.2174/138955708786369546] [PMID]

19. [19] Plosker GL. Sitagliptin: a review of its use in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Drugs 2014; 74: 223-242. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40265-014-0225-5 https://doi.org/10.1007/s40265-013-0169-1 [DOI:10.1007/s40265-014-0324-3] [PMID]

20. [20] Sromova L, Busek P, Posova H, Potockova J, Skrha P, Andel M, et al. The effect of dipeptidyl peptidase-IV inhibition on circulating T cell subpopulations in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2016; 118: 183-192. [DOI:10.1016/j.diabres.2016.06.020] [PMID]

21. [21] Tremblay AJ, Lamarche B, Deacon CF, Weisnagel SJ, Couture P. Effects of sitagliptin therapy on markers of low-grade inflammation and cell adhesion molecules in patients with type 2 diabetes. Metabolism 2014; 63: 1141-1148. [DOI:10.1016/j.metabol.2014.06.004] [PMID]

22. [22] Telikani Z, Sheikh V, Zamani A, Borzouei S, Salehi I, Amirzargar MA, et al. Effects of sitagliptin and vitamin D3 on T helper cell transcription factors and cytokine production in clinical subgroups of type 2 diabetes mellitus: highlights upregulation of FOXP3 and IL-37. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2019; 41: 1-13. [DOI:10.1080/08923973.2019.1593447] [PMID]

23. [23] Barry JC, Shakibakho S, Durrer C, Simtchouk S, Jawanda KK, Cheung ST, et al. Hyporesponsiveness to the anti-inflammatory action of interleukin-10 in type 2 diabetes. Sci Rep 2016; 6: 21244. [DOI:10.1038/srep21244] [PMID] [PMCID]

24. [24] Donath MY, Shoelson SE. Type 2 diabetes as an inflammatory disease. Nat Rev Immunol 2011; 11: 98. [DOI:10.1038/nri2925] [PMID]

25. [25] Akash MSH, Rehman K, Liaqat A. Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha: Role in Development of Insulin Resistance and Pathogenesis of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. J Cell Biochem 2018; 119: 105-110. [DOI:10.1002/jcb.26174] [PMID]

26. [26] Tsiotra PC, Tsigos C, Yfanti E, Anastasiou E, Vikentiou M, Psarra K, et al. Visfatin, TNF-alpha and IL-6 mRNA expression is increased in mononuclear cells from type 2 diabetic women. Horm Metab Res 2007; 39: 758-763. [DOI:10.1055/s-2007-990288] [PMID]

27. [27] Pickup JC, Chusney GD, Thomas SM, Burt D. Plasma interleukin-6, tumour necrosis factor α and blood cytokine production in type 2 diabetes. Life Sci 2000; 67: 291-300. [DOI:10.1016/S0024-3205(00)00622-6]

28. [28] Mirza S, Hossain M, Mathews C, Martinez P, Pino P, Gay JL, et al. Type 2-diabetes is associated with elevated levels of TNF-alpha, IL-6 and adiponectin and low levels of leptin in a population of Mexican Americans: a cross-sectional study. Cytokine 2012; 57: 136-142. [DOI:10.1016/j.cyto.2011.09.029] [PMID] [PMCID]

29. [29] Satoh-Asahara N, Sasaki Y, Wada H, Tochiya M, Iguchi A, Nakagawachi R, et al. A dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor, sitagliptin, exerts anti-inflammatory effects in type 2 diabetic patients. Metabolism 2013; 62: 347-351. [DOI:10.1016/j.metabol.2012.09.004] [PMID]

30. [30] Sromova L, Busek P, Mareckova H, Andel M, Sedo A. The effect of dipeptidyl peptidase-IV inhibitor sitagliptin on the immune functions in patients with type 2 diabetes. Frontiers in Immunology 2013.02.00154..

31. [31] Maedler K, Sergeev P, Ris F, Oberholzer J, Joller-Jemelka HI, Spinas GA, et al. Glucose-induced beta cell production of IL-1beta contributes to glucotoxicity in human pancreatic islets. J Clin Invest 2002; 110: 851-860. [DOI:10.1172/JCI200215318] [PMID] [PMCID]

32. [32] Zhao G, Dharmadhikari G, Maedler K, Meyer-Hermann M. Possible Role of Interleukin-1β in Type 2 Diabetes Onset and Implications for Anti-inflammatory Therapy Strategies. PLoS Comput Biol 2014; 10: e1003798. [DOI:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003798] [PMID] [PMCID]

33. [33] Spranger J, Kroke A, Mohlig M, Hoffmann K, Bergmann MM, Ristow M, et al. Inflammatory cytokines and the risk to develop type 2 diabetes: results of the prospective population-based European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-Potsdam Study. Diabetes 2003; 52: 812-817. [DOI:10.2337/diabetes.52.3.812] [PMID]

34. [34] Kousathana F, Georgitsi M, Lambadiari V, Giamarellos-Bourboulis EJ, Dimitriadis G, Mouktaroudi M. Defective production of interleukin-1 beta in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: Restoration by proper glycemic control. Cytokine 2017; 90: 177-184. [DOI:10.1016/j.cyto.2016.11.009] [PMID]

35. [35] van Exel E, Gussekloo J, de Craen AJ, Frolich M, Bootsma-Van Der Wiel A, Westendorp RG. Low production capacity of interleukin-10 associates with the metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes: the Leiden 85-Plus Study. Diabetes 2002; 51: 1088-1092. [DOI:10.2337/diabetes.51.4.1088] [PMID]

36. [36] Pinheiro MM, Stoppa CL, Valduga CJ, Okuyama CE, Gorjao R, Pereira RM, et al. Sitagliptin inhibit human lymphocytes proliferation and Th1/Th17 differentiation in vitro. Eur J Pharm Sci 2017; 100: 17-24. [DOI:10.1016/j.ejps.2016.12.040] [PMID]

37. [1] Sheikh V, Zamani A, Mahabadi-Ashtiyani E, Tarokhian H, Borzouei S, Alahgholi-Hajibehzad M. Decreased regulatory function of CD4(+)CD25(+)CD45RA(+) T cells and impaired IL-2 signalling pathway in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Scand J Immunol 2018; 88: e12711. [DOI:10.1111/sji.12711] [PMID]

38. [2] Borzouei S, Sheikh V, Ghasemi M, Zamani A, Telikani Z, Zareighane Z, et al. Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Combined Sitagliptin and Vitamin D3 on Cytokines Profile in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2019; 39: 293-301. [DOI:10.1089/jir.2018.0144] [PMID]

39. [3] Donath MY, Shoelson SE. Type 2 diabetes as an inflammatory disease. Nat Rev Immunol 2011; 11: 98-107. [DOI:10.1038/nri2925] [PMID]

40. [4] Wang C, Guan Y, Yang J. Cytokines in the Progression of Pancreatic beta-Cell Dysfunction. Int J Endocrinol 2010; 2010: 515136. [DOI:10.1155/2010/515136] [PMID] [PMCID]

41. [5] Gregor MF, Hotamisligil GS. Inflammatory mechanisms in obesity. Ann Rev Immunol 2011; 29: 415-445. [DOI:10.1146/annurev-immunol-031210-101322] [PMID]

42. [6] Pickup JC. Inflammation and activated innate immunity in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2004; 27: 813-823. [DOI:10.2337/diacare.27.3.813] [PMID]

43. [7] Navarro-Gonzalez JF, Mora-Fernandez C. The role of inflammatory cytokines in diabetic nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 2008; 19: 433-442. [DOI:10.1681/ASN.2007091048] [PMID]

44. [8] Dinarello CA, Donath MY, Mandrup-Poulsen T. Role of IL-1beta in type 2 diabetes. Curr Opin Endoc Diabetes Obes 2010; 17: 314-321. [DOI:10.1097/MED.0b013e32833bf6dc] [PMID]

45. [9] Alahgholi-Hajibehzad M, Oflazer P, Aysal F, Durmus H, Gulsen-Parman Y, Marx A, et al. Regulatory function of CD4+CD25++ T cells in patients with myasthenia gravis is associated with phenotypic changes and STAT5 signaling: 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 modulates the suppressor activity. J Neuroimmunol 2015; 281: 51-60. [DOI:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2015.03.008] [PMID]

46. [10] Alahgholi-Hajibehzad M, Kasapoglu P, Jafari R, Rezaei N. The role of T regulatory cells in immunopathogenesis of myasthenia gravis: implications for therapeutics. Exp Rev Clin Immunol 2015; 11: 859-870. [DOI:10.1586/1744666X.2015.1047345] [PMID]

47. [11] Alahgholi-Hajibehzad M, Durmus H, Aysal F, Gulsen-Parman Y, Oflazer P, Deymeer F, et al. The effect of interleukin (IL)-21 and CD4(+) CD25(++) T cells on cytokine production of CD4(+) responder T cells in patients with myasthenia gravis. Clin Exp Immunol 2017; 190: 201-207. [DOI:10.1111/cei.13006] [PMID] [PMCID]

48. [12] Sheikh V, Kasapoglu P, Zamani A, Basiri Z, Tahamoli-Roudsari A, Alahgholi-Hajibehzad M. Vitamin D3 inhibits the proliferation of T helper cells, downregulate CD4(+) T cell cytokines and upregulate inhibitory markers. Human Immunol 2018; 79: 439-445. [DOI:10.1016/j.humimm.2018.03.001] [PMID]

49. [13] Gao M, Zhang C, Ma Y, Bu L, Yan L, Liu D. Hydrodynamic delivery of mIL10 gene protects mice from high-fat diet-induced obesity and glucose intolerance. Mol Ther 2013; 21: 1852-1861. [DOI:10.1038/mt.2013.125] [PMID] [PMCID]

50. [14] Hong EG, Ko HJ, Cho YR, Kim HJ, Ma Z, Yu TY, et al. Interleukin-10 prevents diet-induced insulin resistance by attenuating macrophage and cytokine response in skeletal muscle. Diabetes 2009; 58: 2525-2535. [DOI:10.2337/db08-1261] [PMID] [PMCID]

51. [15] Francisco CO, Catai AM, Moura-Tonello SC, Arruda LC, Lopes SL, Benze BG, et al. Cytokine profile and lymphocyte subsets in type 2 diabetes. Braz J Med Biol Res 2016; 49: e5062. [DOI:10.1590/1414-431X20155062] [PMID] [PMCID]

52. [16] Jagannathan-Bogdan M, McDonnell ME, Shin H, Rehman Q, Hasturk H, Apovian CM, et al. Elevated proinflammatory cytokine production by a skewed T cell compartment requires monocytes and promotes inflammation in type 2 diabetes. J Immunol 2011; 186: 1162-1172. [DOI:10.4049/jimmunol.1002615] [PMID] [PMCID]

53. [17] Zeng C, Shi X, Zhang B, Liu H, Zhang L, Ding W, et al. The imbalance of Th17/Th1/Tregs in patients with type 2 diabetes: relationship with metabolic factors and complications. J Mol Med (Berlin, Germany) 2012; 90: 175-186. [DOI:10.1007/s00109-011-0816-5] [PMID]

54. [18] Correia S, Carvalho C, Santos MS, Seica R, Oliveira CR, Moreira PI. Mechanisms of action of metformin in type 2 diabetes and associated complications: an overview. Mini Rev Med Chem 2008; 8: 1343-1354. [DOI:10.2174/138955708786369546] [PMID]

55. [19] Plosker GL. Sitagliptin: a review of its use in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Drugs 2014; 74: 223-242. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40265-014-0225-5 https://doi.org/10.1007/s40265-013-0169-1 [DOI:10.1007/s40265-014-0324-3] [PMID]

56. [20] Sromova L, Busek P, Posova H, Potockova J, Skrha P, Andel M, et al. The effect of dipeptidyl peptidase-IV inhibition on circulating T cell subpopulations in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2016; 118: 183-192. [DOI:10.1016/j.diabres.2016.06.020] [PMID]

57. [21] Tremblay AJ, Lamarche B, Deacon CF, Weisnagel SJ, Couture P. Effects of sitagliptin therapy on markers of low-grade inflammation and cell adhesion molecules in patients with type 2 diabetes. Metabolism 2014; 63: 1141-1148. [DOI:10.1016/j.metabol.2014.06.004] [PMID]

58. [22] Telikani Z, Sheikh V, Zamani A, Borzouei S, Salehi I, Amirzargar MA, et al. Effects of sitagliptin and vitamin D3 on T helper cell transcription factors and cytokine production in clinical subgroups of type 2 diabetes mellitus: highlights upregulation of FOXP3 and IL-37. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2019; 41: 1-13. [DOI:10.1080/08923973.2019.1593447] [PMID]

59. [23] Barry JC, Shakibakho S, Durrer C, Simtchouk S, Jawanda KK, Cheung ST, et al. Hyporesponsiveness to the anti-inflammatory action of interleukin-10 in type 2 diabetes. Sci Rep 2016; 6: 21244. [DOI:10.1038/srep21244] [PMID] [PMCID]

60. [24] Donath MY, Shoelson SE. Type 2 diabetes as an inflammatory disease. Nat Rev Immunol 2011; 11: 98. [DOI:10.1038/nri2925] [PMID]

61. [25] Akash MSH, Rehman K, Liaqat A. Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha: Role in Development of Insulin Resistance and Pathogenesis of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. J Cell Biochem 2018; 119: 105-110. [DOI:10.1002/jcb.26174] [PMID]

62. [26] Tsiotra PC, Tsigos C, Yfanti E, Anastasiou E, Vikentiou M, Psarra K, et al. Visfatin, TNF-alpha and IL-6 mRNA expression is increased in mononuclear cells from type 2 diabetic women. Horm Metab Res 2007; 39: 758-763. [DOI:10.1055/s-2007-990288] [PMID]

63. [27] Pickup JC, Chusney GD, Thomas SM, Burt D. Plasma interleukin-6, tumour necrosis factor α and blood cytokine production in type 2 diabetes. Life Sci 2000; 67: 291-300. [DOI:10.1016/S0024-3205(00)00622-6]

64. [28] Mirza S, Hossain M, Mathews C, Martinez P, Pino P, Gay JL, et al. Type 2-diabetes is associated with elevated levels of TNF-alpha, IL-6 and adiponectin and low levels of leptin in a population of Mexican Americans: a cross-sectional study. Cytokine 2012; 57: 136-142. [DOI:10.1016/j.cyto.2011.09.029] [PMID] [PMCID]

65. [29] Satoh-Asahara N, Sasaki Y, Wada H, Tochiya M, Iguchi A, Nakagawachi R, et al. A dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor, sitagliptin, exerts anti-inflammatory effects in type 2 diabetic patients. Metabolism 2013; 62: 347-351. [DOI:10.1016/j.metabol.2012.09.004] [PMID]

66. [30] Sromova L, Busek P, Mareckova H, Andel M, Sedo A. The effect of dipeptidyl peptidase-IV inhibitor sitagliptin on the immune functions in patients with type 2 diabetes. Frontiers in Immunology 2013.02.00154..

67. [31] Maedler K, Sergeev P, Ris F, Oberholzer J, Joller-Jemelka HI, Spinas GA, et al. Glucose-induced beta cell production of IL-1beta contributes to glucotoxicity in human pancreatic islets. J Clin Invest 2002; 110: 851-860. [DOI:10.1172/JCI200215318] [PMID] [PMCID]

68. [32] Zhao G, Dharmadhikari G, Maedler K, Meyer-Hermann M. Possible Role of Interleukin-1β in Type 2 Diabetes Onset and Implications for Anti-inflammatory Therapy Strategies. PLoS Comput Biol 2014; 10: e1003798. [DOI:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003798] [PMID] [PMCID]

69. [33] Spranger J, Kroke A, Mohlig M, Hoffmann K, Bergmann MM, Ristow M, et al. Inflammatory cytokines and the risk to develop type 2 diabetes: results of the prospective population-based European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-Potsdam Study. Diabetes 2003; 52: 812-817. [DOI:10.2337/diabetes.52.3.812] [PMID]

70. [34] Kousathana F, Georgitsi M, Lambadiari V, Giamarellos-Bourboulis EJ, Dimitriadis G, Mouktaroudi M. Defective production of interleukin-1 beta in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: Restoration by proper glycemic control. Cytokine 2017; 90: 177-184. [DOI:10.1016/j.cyto.2016.11.009] [PMID]

71. [35] van Exel E, Gussekloo J, de Craen AJ, Frolich M, Bootsma-Van Der Wiel A, Westendorp RG. Low production capacity of interleukin-10 associates with the metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes: the Leiden 85-Plus Study. Diabetes 2002; 51: 1088-1092. [DOI:10.2337/diabetes.51.4.1088] [PMID]

72. [36] Pinheiro MM, Stoppa CL, Valduga CJ, Okuyama CE, Gorjao R, Pereira RM, et al. Sitagliptin inhibit human lymphocytes proliferation and Th1/Th17 differentiation in vitro. Eur J Pharm Sci 2017; 100: 17-24. [DOI:10.1016/j.ejps.2016.12.040] [PMID]