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2. [2] Milind P, Monu Y. Laboratory models for screening analgesics. Int Res J Pharm 2013; 4: 15-19.

3. [3] Cavendish RL, de Souza Santos J, Neto RB, Paixão AO, Oliveira JV, de Araujo ED, et al. Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of Brazilian red propolis extract and formononetin in rodents. J Ethnopharmacol 2015; 173: 127-133. [DOI:10.1016/j.jep.2015.07.022] [PMID]

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5. [5] Rowbotham M, Harden N, Stacey B, Bernstein P, Magnus-Miller L, Group GPNS. Gabapentin for the treatment of postherpetic neuralgia: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 1998; 280: 1837-1842. [DOI:10.1001/jama.280.21.1837] [PMID]

6. [6] Smiley MM, Lu Y, Vera-Portocarrero LP, Zidan A, Westlund KN. Intrathecal gabapentin enhances the analgesic effects of subtherapeutic dose morphine in a rat experimental pancreatitis model. Anesthesiology 2004; 101: 759. [DOI:10.1097/00000542-200409000-00026] [PMID] [PMCID]

7. [7] Matthews EA, Dickenson AH. A combination of gabapentin and morphine mediates enhanced inhibitory effects on dorsal horn neuronal responses in a rat model of neuropathy. Anesthesiology 2002; 96: 633-640. [DOI:10.1097/00000542-200203000-00020] [PMID]

8. [8] Portenoy RK, Foley KM, Inturrisi CE. The nature of opioid responsiveness and its implications for neuropathic pain: new hypotheses derived from studies of opioid infusions. Pain 1990; 43: 273-286. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3959(90)90025-9 [DOI:10.1016/0304-3959(90)90004-W]

9. [9] Lotfy M. Biological activity of bee propolis in health and disease. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2006; 7: 22-31.

10. [10] Zia M, Mannani R, Mahmoodi M, Bayat M, Mohaghegh F. The effects of alcoholic extract of propolis obtained from Iran bee hives on the growth of Trichophyton mentagrophytis, Trichophyton rubrum and Trichophyton verrucosum. J Isfahan Med School 2009; 27: 232-241. (Persian).

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59. [1] Miranda A, Sood M. Treatment options for chronic abdominal pain in children and adolescents. Curr Treat Options Gastroenterol 2006; 9: 409-415. [DOI:10.1007/BF02738530] [PMID]

60. [2] Milind P, Monu Y. Laboratory models for screening analgesics. Int Res J Pharm 2013; 4: 15-19.

61. [3] Cavendish RL, de Souza Santos J, Neto RB, Paixão AO, Oliveira JV, de Araujo ED, et al. Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of Brazilian red propolis extract and formononetin in rodents. J Ethnopharmacol 2015; 173: 127-133. [DOI:10.1016/j.jep.2015.07.022] [PMID]

62. [4] Katzung B. Opioid analgesics and antagonists. Basic and clinical pharmacology 9th ed New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co 2004; 497-516.

63. [5] Rowbotham M, Harden N, Stacey B, Bernstein P, Magnus-Miller L, Group GPNS. Gabapentin for the treatment of postherpetic neuralgia: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 1998; 280: 1837-1842. [DOI:10.1001/jama.280.21.1837] [PMID]

64. [6] Smiley MM, Lu Y, Vera-Portocarrero LP, Zidan A, Westlund KN. Intrathecal gabapentin enhances the analgesic effects of subtherapeutic dose morphine in a rat experimental pancreatitis model. Anesthesiology 2004; 101: 759. [DOI:10.1097/00000542-200409000-00026] [PMID] [PMCID]

65. [7] Matthews EA, Dickenson AH. A combination of gabapentin and morphine mediates enhanced inhibitory effects on dorsal horn neuronal responses in a rat model of neuropathy. Anesthesiology 2002; 96: 633-640. [DOI:10.1097/00000542-200203000-00020] [PMID]

66. [8] Portenoy RK, Foley KM, Inturrisi CE. The nature of opioid responsiveness and its implications for neuropathic pain: new hypotheses derived from studies of opioid infusions. Pain 1990; 43: 273-286. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3959(90)90025-9 [DOI:10.1016/0304-3959(90)90004-W]

67. [9] Lotfy M. Biological activity of bee propolis in health and disease. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2006; 7: 22-31.

68. [10] Zia M, Mannani R, Mahmoodi M, Bayat M, Mohaghegh F. The effects of alcoholic extract of propolis obtained from Iran bee hives on the growth of Trichophyton mentagrophytis, Trichophyton rubrum and Trichophyton verrucosum. J Isfahan Med School 2009; 27: 232-241. (Persian).

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70. [12] Paulino N, Dantas AP, Bankova V, Longhi DT, Scremin A, de Castro SL, Calixto JB. Bulgarian propolis induces analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects in mice and inhibits in vitro contraction of airway smooth muscle. J Pharmacol Sci 2003; 93: 307-313. [DOI:10.1254/jphs.93.307] [PMID]

71. [13] Kamburoğlu K, Özen T. Analgesic effect of Anatolian propolis in mice. Agri 2011; 23: 47-50.

72. [14] Sforcin J. Propolis and the immune system: a review. J Ethnopharmacology 2007; 113: 1-14. [DOI:10.1016/j.jep.2007.05.012] [PMID]

73. [15] Junior OD, Andreucci VC, da Silva Cunha IB, Araujo CEP, de Oliveira F, Marcucci MC. Investigation of the Anti-inflammatory and Analgesic Activities of a Sample of Brazilian Propolis. Acta Farm Bonaerense 2004; 23: 285-291.

74. [16] Paulino N, Teixeira C, Martins R, Scremin A, Dirsch VM, Vollmar AM, et al. Evaluation of the analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of a Brazilian green propolis. Planta Medica 2006; 72: 899-906. [DOI:10.1055/s-2006-947185] [PMID]

75. [17] Shimazawa M, Chikamatsu S, Morimoto N, Mishima S, Nagai H, Hara H. Neuroprotection by Brazilian green propolis against in vitro and in vivo ischemic neuronal damage. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2005; 2: 201-207. [DOI:10.1093/ecam/neh078] [PMID] [PMCID]

76. [18] Boufadi Y, Soubhye J, Riazi A, Rousseau A, Vanhaeverbeek M, Nève J, et al. Characterization and antioxidant properties of six Algerian propolis extracts: ethyl acetate extracts inhibit myeloperoxidase activity. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15: 2327-2345. [DOI:10.3390/ijms15022327] [PMID] [PMCID]

77. [19] Wu Z, Zhu A, Takayama F, Okada R, Liu Y, Harada Y, Wu S, Nakanishi H. Brazilian green propolis suppresses the hypoxia-induced neuroinflammatory responses by inhibiting NF-κB activation in microglia. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2013; 2013: 906726. [DOI:10.1155/2013/906726] [PMID] [PMCID]

78. [20] El-Masry TA, Emara AM, El-Shitany NA. Possible protective effect of propolis against lead-induced neurotoxicity in animal model. J Evolution Biol Res 2011; 3: 4-11.

79. [21] de Campos RO, Paulino N, da Silva CH, Scremin A, Calixto JB. Natural products: anti‐hyperalgesic effect of an ethanolic extract of propolis in mice and rats. J Pharm Pharmacol 1998; 50: 1187-1193. [DOI:10.1111/j.2042-7158.1998.tb03333.x] [PMID]

80. [22] Askari VR, Rahimi VB, Zamani P, Fereydouni N, Rahmanian-Devin P, Sahebkar AH, Rakhshandeh H. Evaluation of the effects of Iranian propolis on the severity of post operational-induced peritoneal adhesion in rats. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 99: 346-353. [DOI:10.1016/j.biopha.2018.01.068] [PMID]

81. [23] Gheibi N, Sofiabadi M, Safari T. Effects of propolis extract on pain induced by formalin in male mice. J Torbat Heydariyeh Univ Med Sci 2018; 5: 22-28. (Persian).

82. [24] Lahouel M, Boutabet K, Kebsa W, Alyane M. Polyphenolic fractions of Algerian propolis reverses doxorubicin induced acute renal oxidative stress. African J Pharmacy Pharmacol 2010; 4: 712-720.

83. [25] Woolfe G, MacDonald A. The evaluation of the analgesic action of pethidine hydrochloride (Demerol). J Pharmacol Exper Therap 1944; 80: 300-307.

84. [26] Taherian AA, Babae M, Vafaei AA, Jarrahi M, Jadidi M, Sadeghi H. Antinociceptive effects of hydroalcoholic extract of Thymus vulgaris. Pak J Pharm Sci 2009; 22: 83-89.

85. [27] Taherian AA, Vafaei AA, Ameri J. Opiate system mediate the antinociceptive effects of Coriandrum sativum in mice. Iran J Pharm Res 2012; 11: 679-688.

86. [28] D'Amour FE, Smith DL. A method for determining loss of pain sensation. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1941; 72: 74-79.

87. [29] Ahmed F, Selim M, Das A, Choudhuri M. Anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities of Lippia nodiflora Linn. Pharmazie 2004; 59: 329-330.

88. [30] Dubuisson D, Dennis SG. The formalin test: a quantitative study of the analgesic effects of morphine, meperidine, and brain stem stimulation in rats and cats. Pain 1977; 4: 161-174. [DOI:10.1016/0304-3959(77)90130-0]

89. [31] Sabina E, Chandel S, Rasool MK. Evaluation of analgesic, antipyretic and ulcerogenic effect of Withaferin A. Int J Integr Biol 2009; 6: 52-56.

90. [32] Ibironke G, Ajiboye K. Studies on the anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties of Chenopodium ambrosioides leaf extract in rats. Int J Pharmacol 2007; 3: 111-115. [DOI:10.3923/ijp.2007.111.115]

91. [33] Rao M, Rao Y, Rao A, Prabhkar M, Rao C, Muralidhar N. Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activity of a flavonoid isolated from Caralluma attenuate. J Ethnopharmacol 1998; 62: 63-66. [DOI:10.1016/S0378-8741(98)00048-8]

92. [34] Kim HP, Son KH, Chang HW, Kang SS. Anti-inflammatory plant flavonoids and cellular action mechanisms. J Pharmacol Sci 2004; 96: 229-245. [DOI:10.1254/jphs.CRJ04003X] [PMID]

93. [35] Küpeli E, Yesilada E. Flavonoids with anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activity from Cistus laurifolius L. leaves through bioassay-guided procedures. J Ethnopharmacol 2007; 112: 524-530. [DOI:10.1016/j.jep.2007.04.011] [PMID]

94. [36] Jensen TS, Yaksh TL. II. Examination of spinal monoamine receptors through which brainstem opiate-sensitive systems act in the rat. Brain Res 1986; 363: 114-127. [DOI:10.1016/0006-8993(86)90663-3]

95. [37] King TE, Joynes RL, Grau JW. Tail-flick test: II. The role of supraspinal systems and avoidance learning. Behav Neurosci 1997; 111: 754-767. [DOI:10.1037/0735-7044.111.4.754] [PMID]

96. [38] Irwin S, Bennett DR, Hendershot LC, Seevers M, Houde RW. The effects of morphine, methadone and meperidine on some reflex responses of spinal animals to nociceptive stimulation. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1951; 101: 132-143.

97. [39] Bonnyeastle DD, Cook L, Ipsen J. The action of some analgesic drugs in intact and chronic spinal rats. Acta Pharmacol Toxicol (Copenh) 1953; 9: 332-336. [DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0773.1953.tb02962.x] [PMID]

98. [40] Sinclair JG, Main CD, Lo GF. Spinal vs. supraspinal actions of morphine on the rat tail-flick reflex. Pain 1988; 33: 357-362. [DOI:10.1016/0304-3959(88)90296-5]

99. [41] Shekhawat N, Vijayvergia R. Investigation of anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic properties of Madhuca indica GMEL. Eur J Inflammat 2010; 8: 165-171. [DOI:10.1177/1721727X1000800305]

100. [42] Manjavachi MN, Quintão NL, Campos MM, Deschamps IK, Yunes RA, Nunes RJ, et al. The effects of the selective and non‐peptide CXCR2 receptor antagonist SB225002 on acute and long‐lasting models of nociception in mice. Eur J Pain 2010; 14: 23-31. [DOI:10.1016/j.ejpain.2009.01.007] [PMID]

101. [43] Duarte I, Nakamura M, Ferreira S. Participation of the sympathetic system in acetic acid-induced writhing in mice. Braz J Med Biol Res 1988; 21: 341-343.

102. [44] Ribeiro RA, Vale ML, Thomazzi SM, Paschoalato AB, Poole S, Ferreira SH, Cunha FQ. Involvement of resident macrophages and mast cells in the writhing nociceptive response induced by zymosan and acetic acid in mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2000; 387: 111-118. [DOI:10.1016/S0014-2999(99)00790-6]

103. [45] Vidyalakshmi K, Kamalakannan P, Viswanathan S, Ramaswamy S. Antinociceptive effect of certain dihydroxy flavones in mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2010; 96: 1-6. [DOI:10.1016/j.pbb.2010.03.010] [PMID]

104. [46] Thirugnanasambantham P, Viswanathan S, Mythirayee C, Krishnamurty V, Ramachandran S, Kameswaran L. Analgesic activity of certain flavone derivatives: a structure-activity study. J Ethnopharmacol 1990; 28: 207-214. [DOI:10.1016/0378-8741(90)90030-W]

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